For The Thrill Of It: Leopold, Loeb, And The Murder That Shocked Chicago Read online

  For the Thrill of It

  FOR THE

  THRILLOFIT LEOPOLD, LOEB, AND THE MURDER THAT SHOCKED CHICAGO

  SIMON BAATZ

  Illustration unavailable for electronic edition.

  The problem I thus pose is . . . what type of man shall be bred, shall be willed, for being higher in value. . . . This higher type has appeared often--but as a fortunate accident, as an exception, never as something willed. . . . Success in individual cases is constantly encountered in the most widely different places and cultures: here we really do find a higher type that is, in relation to mankind as a whole, a kind of superman. Such fortunate accidents of great success have always been possible and will perhaps always be possible.

  Friedrich Nietzsche,

  The Antichrist, Sections 3, 4 "I'm reminded of a little article you wrote, 'On Crime,' or something like that, I forget the exact title. I had the pleasure of reading it a couple of months ago in the Periodical."

  "My article? In the

  Periodical Review?" Raskolnikov asked in surprise. . . . Raskolnikov really hadn't known anything about it. . . .

  "That's right. And you maintain that the act of carrying out a crime is always accompanied by illness. Very, very original, but personally that wasn't the part of your article that really interested me. There was a certain idea slipped in at the end, unfortunately you only hint at it, and unclearly. . . . In short, it contains, if you recall, a certain reference to the notion that there may be certain kinds of people in the world who can . . . I mean not that they are able, but that they are endowed with the right to commit all sorts of crimes and excesses, and the law, as it were, was not written for them.

  "The heart of the matter is that . . . all people are divisible into 'ordinary' and 'extraordinary.' The ordinary must live obediently and have no right to transgress the law--because, you see, they're ordinary. The extraordinary, on the other hand, have the right to commit all kinds of crimes and to transgress the law in all kinds of ways, for the simple reason that they are extraordinary. That would seem to have been your argument, if I am not mistaken."

  Raskolnikov smiled again. He understood at once what was going on and the direction in which they were trying to push him. He remembered the article, and decided to accept their challenge.

  "That's not quite the way I put it," he began simply and modestly. "Still, I must admit, you've got the gist of it. Even completely right, if you wish."

  Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment, Part 3, Section 5

  CONTENTS

  List of Illustrations vii

  Preface xi

  PART ONE THE CRIME

  1 The Kidnapping 3

  2 The Relationship 27

  3 Planning the Murder 54

  4 The Murder 72

  5 The Ransom 91

  6 The Interrogation 109

  7 The Confessions 131

  vi CONTENTS

  PART TWO THE ATTORNEYS

  8 Clarence Darrow 165 9 Robert Crowe 197

  PART THREE THE COURTROOM

  10 The Indictment 227 11 The Scientists Arrive 245 12 Mitigation of Punishment 280

  13 Psychiatrists for the Defense 305

  14 Psychiatrists for the State 339

  15 Closing Statements 358

  16 Sentencing 391

  17 The Aftermath 410

  Leopold and Loeb in Fiction 449

  Author's Note 453

  Sources 457

  Notes 467Index 511

  Illustration Credits 537

  About the Author

  Other Books by Simon Baatz Credits

  Cover

  Copyright

  About the Publisher

  ILLUSTRATIONS

  1. Robert (Bobby) Franks. 4

  2. The drainage culvert. 13

  3. The Harvard School. 32

  4. Richard (Dickie) Loeb. 35

  5. Richard Loeb. 38

  6. Il Circolo Italiano. 48

  7. Nathan (Babe) Leopold. 50

  8. Zeta Beta Tau fraternity house. 57

  9. The ransom demand. 64

  10. The ransom letter. 70

  viii ILLUSTRATIONS

  11. The Law School, University of Chicago. 76

  12. Willys-Knight automobile. 77

  13. The kidnapping. 82

  14. Disposal of the body. 85

  15. Inside the state's attorney's office. 160

  16. Clarence Darrow. 166

  17. Robert Crowe. 198

  18. Waiting for habeas corpus. 230

  19. Leopold and Loeb enter Cook County jail. 232

  20. John Caverly. 241

  21. Richard Loeb enters court. 281

  22. The defense team. 289

  ILLUSTRATIONS ix

  23. Clarence Darrow. 324

  24. A joke in court. 333

  25. Suicide watch. 341

  2 . Clarence Darrow in court. 377

  2 . Leopold and Loeb enter Joliet Prison. 407

  2 . Stateville Prison. 429 29. The happy couple. 446

  PREFACE

  This is a true story. The events described here occurred in Chicago in the summer of 1924. The conversation and dialogue in this book, indicated by quotation marks, are taken verbatim from the transcript of the courtroom proceedings, from the records of the office of the state's attorney of Cook County, or from contemporary newspaper accounts. The University of Chicago and the University of Michigan generously provided me with the academic transcripts of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb, respectively. I wish also to thank the archivists at Northwestern University; the Wisconsin Historical Society; Columbia University; the University of California, Berkeley; Stanford University; and the National Archives in Washington, D.C., for permitting me to quote from materials in their possession.

  PART ONE

  THE CRIME

  1 THE KIDNAPPING Wednesday, 21 May 1924 --Thursday, 29 May 1924

  This cruel and vicious murder . . . this gruesome crime . . . this atrocious murder . . . the most cruel, cowardly, dastardly murder ever committed in the annals of American jurisprudence.

  1Robert Crowe, state's attorney of Cook County, 23 July 1924

  Everybody knows that this was a most unfortunate homicide. That it is the cruelest, the worst, the most atrocious ever committed in the United States is pure imagination without a vestige of truth. . . . A death in any situation is horrible, but when it comes to the question of murder it is doubly horrible. But there are degrees . . . of atrocity, and as I say, instead of this being one of the worst . . . it is perhaps one of the least painful.

  2Clarence Darrow, defense attorney, 23 July 1924

  Flora Franks glanced at the clock. Already past six o'clock and still no sign of Bobby! The cook had prepared dinner and the maids were waiting patiently for the family to move to the dining room. Normally she could rely on her eldest son, Jack, sixteen years old, to keep an eye on his younger brother, but Jack lay upstairs in bed, ill with chicken pox; he had not been to school all week. Her daughter, Josephine, seventeen years old, tried to calm Flora's fears--Bobby always played baseball after school; perhaps he had gone to a friend's home for supper after the game.

  3

  Jacob Franks agreed with his daughter. Admittedly it was not like Bobby to be late for dinner; but nothing serious had happened to the boy. It was only three blocks from the Harvard School to their house and Bobby was now fourteen years old, old enough to know not to talk to strangers. The boy had probably fallen in with a classmate after the game and had forgotten the time. Still, he was annoyed that his son should be so t
houghtless and forgetful, annoyed with Bobby for causing his mother to worry.

  Jacob Franks was proud of his four children: Josephine had been accepted at Wellesley College for the fall, and Jack, a junior at the Harvard School, was planning to attend Dartmouth College. Jacob Jr. was the youngest child, still a student in grade school, but already showing signs of academic promise. Bobby, the darling of the family, was a bit of a scamp who got into his share of scrapes at school, but he was, nevertheless, his mother's favorite. She loved his assertiveness, his independent spirit, his ambition; he had already announced to the family that he too would go to Dartmouth and then would study for the law. No doubt he would keep his promise: the principal of the Harvard School, Charles Pence, had reported that Bobby was a precocious child. Only a freshman at the school, he was a member of the class debating team. He was a popular boy at school, a keen tennis player and an avid golfer; he had joined with some other boys in establishing a reading group, and only a few days earlier, he had won a debate on capital punishment, arguing for a link between criminality and mental illness--"most criminals have diseased minds"--and protesting against the right of the state "to take a man, weak and mentally depraved, and coldly deprive him of his life."4

  1 . ROBERT (BOBBY) FRANKS. Bobby Franks was a pupil at the Harvard School for Boys. This photograph appeared as the frontispiece to a collection of poems published in his memory by his brother Jack.

  For Flora and Jacob Franks, their four children were the capstone of their lives. As a young boy, Jacob Franks had lost his own father. His mother had run a clothing store and then a pawnshop in Chicago, and in 1884 Jacob had set up in business for himself, opening a pawnshop on Clark Street south of Madison Street. It was a good location and an auspicious time--gambling was then unregulated in the city and there were at least a dozen gaming houses within a block of Jacob Franks's pawnshop.

  Jacob soon built up a loyal clientele--the gamblers could rely on Jacob to lend them as much as ninety percent of the value of the diamonds, watches, and rings that they pawned--and once their luck turned, they could easily redeem their property. Michael (Hinky Dink) Kenna, Democratic alderman of the First Ward and one of the most powerful politicians in Chicago, remembered Jacob Franks as an honest businessman who earned the loyalty of his customers: "He ran the business strictly on the square and he had the respect of every man who ever made a loan. . . . He knew who he was dealing with, and for that reason would take a chance."

  5

  Jacob Franks never ran for political office, yet he was well connected--"Franks," according to one politician, "has for years been a big factor in the Democratic party"--and he used his connections to make his fortune. An opportunity to buy stock in the Ogden Gas Company was a lucky break for Franks and his business partner, Patrick Ryan; the two entrepreneurs sold the stock to the People's Gas Light and Coke Company at an enormous profit estimated by one friend to be as much as $1 million. Franks bought land in the downtown district and watched its value soar when the city moved the grog shops, gambling dens, and brothels farther south, to the Levee between 18th and 22nd streets. By 1924, Jacob Franks was wealthy beyond his wildest dreams; he was worth, at a conservative estimate, more than $4 million.6

  It was now after seven o'clock. The youngest son, Jacob Jr., had finished eating and was fidgeting, anxious to leave the table. His father let him go. Flora, Josephine, and Jacob remained at the table talking; they could no longer pretend that Bobby was delayed at a friend's house.

  Jacob went to the phone to call his lawyer, Samuel Ettelson. Jacob Franks had known Ettelson for many years--the two men were close friends. Ettelson, undoubtedly one of the most inf luential lawyers in Chicago, had served as corporation counsel during the mayoralty of William Hale Thompson from 1915 to 1923 and was now state senator for Cook County in the Illinois legislature. A prominent Republican, Ettelson still had considerable inf luence with the police department and with the state's attorney, Robert Crowe. If anything had happened to Bobby, Jacob Franks could rely on Ettelson to help launch a massive police investigation.

  7

  Ettelson arrived at the house on Ellis Avenue around nine o'clock that evening. The three adults talked brief ly in the living room; both parents were now consumed with anxiety. Ettelson started calling the teachers at the Harvard School. Had they seen Bobby Franks that afternoon? Could they remember when he had left to go home? Only Richard Williams, the athletics instructor, could provide much information. Bobby had been the umpire at an impromptu baseball game between some schoolboys on a vacant lot at 57th Street and Ellis Avenue. Williams had seen Bobby leave the game to walk home around 5:15 p.m.

  8

  Had Bobby returned to the Harvard School on his way home? Perhaps, Ettelson reasoned, he had popped into the school to retrieve something and had been locked inside by the janitor. The two men grabbed their coats and hats and made for the door--it was a fiveminute walk to the school. When they reached the main entrance, the building was dark; there was no sign of the janitor. A window was open on the first f loor. Ettelson helped Jacob Franks climb into the building and both men began hunting through the classrooms. They also searched the school grounds, but there was nothing--no clue, no trace of the boy's whereabouts.

  9

  At home, Flora Franks waited anxiously for her husband. It was now almost half past ten; Jacob had been gone for more than an hour. The children were asleep and the servants, except for one maid, had all retired to their quarters--the house suddenly seemed very quiet.

  In the hallway, the phone rang. Flora could hear the maid pick up the receiver and answer the caller--she was bringing the telephone into the living room--had Bobby been found? It was a man's voice--Flora Franks remembered later that it was "more of a cultured voice than a gruff voice."

  10

  The caller spoke rapidly yet clearly--Flora did not miss a word. "This is Mr. Johnson . . . your boy has been kidnaped. We have him and you need not worry: he is safe. But don't try to trace this call. . . . We must have money. We will let you know tomorrow what we want. We are kidnapers and we mean business. If you refuse us what we want or try to report us to the police, we will kill the boy."

  11

  The receiver clicked--the caller had hung up. Flora stood motionless for a moment, still holding the phone in her hands; then she fainted and fell to the f loor.

  Six minutes later, Samuel Ettelson and Jacob Franks returned. The maid was still holding Flora in her arms--she had revived her mistress with spirits of ammonia, and at that moment Flora had regained consciousness.

  At least they now knew what had happened to the boy--and, thank God, he was still alive. Perhaps Mr. Johnson would telephone again that night--Samuel Ettelson called the phone company to put a trace on incoming calls.

  12 Admittedly this was a risky maneuver--the kidnapper had explicitly warned against it. Ettelson was in a difficult situation: as a friend of the Franks family, he wanted Bobby returned home, alive and safe; yet as a public official, he was loath to truckle to blackmailers. From his years as corporation counsel, Ettelson had vast experience in managing the city's affairs, and in negotiating contracts with labor unions, utility companies, building contractors, and streetcar companies, yet nothing had prepared him for this. He was uncertain how best to proceed. Should they inform the police? Or should they wait for another phone call? If they merely obeyed the kidnapper's commands, were they nevertheless putting the boy's life at risk? Perhaps it would be better to have the Chicago police out searching for the kidnapper. Perhaps the police had a list of likely suspects who could be rounded up.

  At two o'clock in the morning, Ettelson decided they should go to the police. Jacob Franks could stand their inaction no longer; anything was better than waiting for the phone to ring. Ettelson was well connected with the Chicago police--he was a personal friend of the chief of detectives, Michael Hughes, and of the deputy captain of police, William (Shoes) Shoemacher. Why should he not use that inf luence to rescue Bobby?<
br />
  The central police station was almost deserted. Ettelson had never previously met the young lieutenant, Robert Welling, in charge; could he trust Welling not to leak news of Bobby's disappearance? And suppose Bobby was not in danger? Suppose that this was a juvenile hoax by some of his classmates? Unlikely, of course, but Ettelson was reluctant to mobilize the Chicago police department and find, the next morning, that Bobby was safe and sound, having spent the night with a friend. His reputation would be tarnished, and Ettelson, who always hoped for a revival of his political fortunes, could not afford to be made a laughingstock.

  Robert Welling listened thoughtfully to Franks and Ettelson. He would, if they liked, send out detectives to search for the boy. Ettelson demurred; perhaps, he advised the lieutenant, it was all unnecessary; the boy might turn up in the morning. "We are not sure. Perhaps it is only some prank, some foolish joke. Perhaps--" Ettelson's voice trailed off. What should they do? He spoke again: he did not himself believe it was a hoax. "If the boy really has been kidnapped, then we must be very, very careful. He may be in the hands of desperate men who would kill him." Ettelson could not bear the risk that the kidnappers might kill Bobby. "Perhaps," he decided finally, "we would better wait until morning before doing anything about it."

  13

  The next morning, at eight o'clock, a special delivery letter arrived. The envelope bore six two-cent stamps, was addressed to Jacob Franks at 5052 Ellis Avenue, and had a Chicago postmark; it had been mailed either the previous evening or earlier that morning.

  In one sense the arrival of a ransom letter provided a measure of relief, however minor, for Bobby's parents. It confirmed that he was still alive and provided instructions for his recovery. The writer of the letter, George Johnson, promised that Bobby was "at present well and safe. You need not fear any physical harm for him providing you live up carefully to the following instructions. . . . Make absolutely no attempt to communicate with either the police authorities nor any private agency. Should you already have communicated with the police, allow them to continue their investigations, but do not mention this letter.

  "Secure before noon today $10,000. This money must be composed entirely of old bills of the following denominations: $2,000 in $20 bills, $8,000 in $50 bills. The money must be old. Any attempt to include new or marked bills will render the entire venture futile. The money should be placed in a large cigar box . . . and wrapped in white paper. The wrapping paper should be sealed . . . with sealing wax.